Цель. Анализ роли паравагинальных дефектов лобково-шеечной фасции (ЛШФ) в развитии передне-апикального пролапса тазовых органов у женщин и оценка их значения в патогенезе цистоцеле с учетом современных представлений об анатомии и механизмах поддержки органов малого таза.
Материалы и методы. Проведен аналитический обзор научной литературы за период 1909–2023 гг. на основе поиска публикаций в базах данных PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar и eLibrary. В анализ включены исследования, посвященные анатомии тазового дна, механизмам формирования пролапса тазовых органов, современным методам визуализации, включая магнитно-резонансную томографию и трехмерное моделирование органов малого таза, а также результатам хирургической коррекции дефектов лобково-шеечной фасции. Особое внимание уделено работам, оценивающим влияние нарушения латеральной фиксации влагалища на формирование переднего и апикального компонентов пролапса.
Результаты. Патогенез опущения передней стенки влагалища является многофакторным и связан с сочетанием повреждений соединительнотканных структур, нарушением апикальной поддержки и увеличением размеров половой щели. Одним из ключевых факторов формирования цистоцеле является нарушение прикрепления лобково-шеечной фасции к сухожильной дуге фасции таза с развитием паравагинальных дефектов. Современные данные, полученные с использованием МРТ-визуализации и 3D-реконструкции тазовых структур, подтверждают значимую роль латеральных дефектов поддержки влагалища, особенно в дистальной трети влагалища. Показано, что стандартная передняя кольпорафия при наличии паравагинальных дефектов часто сопровождается рецидивами, тогда как хирургическое восстановление латеральной фиксации влагалища демонстрирует эффективность 65–95% и обеспечивает более устойчивые анатомические результаты.
Заключение. Паравагинальные дефекты являются важным, но не единственным звеном патогенеза опущения передней стенки влагалища. Современные данные подтверждают необходимость комплексной оценки уровней поддержки тазовых органов и разработки персонифицированного подхода к выбору хирургической тактики лечения передне-апикального пролапса.
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