СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ О ПАТОГЕНЕЗЕ НПВП-ИНДУЦИРОВАННОЙ ГАСТРОПАТИИ

Библиографические ссылки:

Официальный сайт Федеральной службы государственной статистики. URL:www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/population/healthcare.

Huang JQ, Sridhar S, Hunt RH. Role of Helicobacter pylori infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in peptic-ulcer disease: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2002; 359(9300): 14-22.

Ootani H, Iwakiri R, Shimoda R, et al. Role of Helicobacter pylori infection and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in bleeding peptic ulcers in Japan. J Gastroenterol. 2006; 41(1): 41-6.

Nakayama M, Iwakiri R, Hara M, et al. Low-dose aspirin is a prominent cause of bleeding ulcers in patients who underwent emergency endoscopy. J Gastroenterol. 2009; 44(9): 912-918.

Taha AS, Angerson WJ, Knill-Jones RP, Blatchford O. Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage associated with low-dose aspirin and anti-thrombotic drugs - a 6-year analysis and comparison with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005; 22(4): 285-9.

Каратеев А.Е., Гонтаренко Н.В., Цурган А.В. Коморбидная патология пищеварительной системы у больных ревматическими заболеваниями: не только НПВП-гастропатия. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2016; 54(4): 382-389.

Ширинская Н.В. Язвенная болезнь желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки в Российской Федерации. Заболеваемость и смертность. Дальневосточный медицинский журнал. 2016; 3: 105-109.

Хуцишвили М.Ш. Региональные особенности фармакоэпидемиологии нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов и возможности оптимизации их потребления: на примере Правобережного района Республики Северная Осетия-Алания: автореферат диссертации кандидата медицинских наук. Волгоград, 2007; 22.

Suri P, Morgenroth DC, Hunter DJ. Epidemiology of osteoarthritis and associated comorbidities. PMR. 2012; 4(5): 10-19.

Шостак Н.А., Рябкова А.А., Савельев В.С., Малярова Л.Н. Желудочно-кишечное кровотечение как осложнение гастропатий, связанных с приемом нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов. Терапевтический архив. 2003; 5:70-74.

Евсеев МА. НПВП-индуцированные гастродуоденальные язвы, осложненные кровотечением. Русский медицинский журнал. 2006; 15: 1099-107.

Гельфанд Б.Р., Проценко Д.Н., Бабаяну А.В., Каратеев А.Е. Острые кровотечения из верхних отделов желудочно-кишечного тракта: от эпидемиологии до формирования концепции консервативной терапии. Инфекции в хирургии. 2013; 4: 11-7.

Harirforoosh S, Asghar W, Jamali F. Adverse Effects of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs: An Update of Gastrointestinal, Cardiovascular and Renal Complications. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013; 16(5): 821-847.

Маев И.В., Цуканов В.В., Третьякова О.В. и др. Терапевтические аспекты лечения язвенных кровотечений. Фарматека. 2012; 2: 56-59.

Чернооков А.И., Яковченко А.В., Наумов Б.А. Эпидемиология сочетанных осложнений язвенной болезни желудка III типа и двенадцатиперстной кишки. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2008; 5(S32): 42.

Маев И.В., Гончаренко А.Ю., Дичева Д.Т., Андреев Д.Н., Швыдко В.С., Бурагина Т.А. Лечение язвенных кровотечений и профилактика их рецидивов: взгляд терапевта. Медицинский совет. 2013; 10: 22-26.

Fries JF, Murtagh KN, Bennett M. et al. The rise and decline of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drag-associated gastropathy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004; 50(8): 2433-2440.

Brooks J, Warburton R, Beales IL. Prevention of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage: current controversies and clinical guidance. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2013; 4(5): 206-222.

Scheiman JM. The use of proton pump inhibitors in treating and preventing NSAID-induced mucosal damage. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013; 15(Suppl 3:S5). DOI: 10.1186/ar4177

Robert A, Nezamis JE, Lancaster C, Hanchar AJ. Cytoprotection by prostaglandins in rats: Prevention of gastric necrosis produced by alcohol, HCl, NaOH, hypertonic NaCl, and thermal injury. Gastroenterology. 1979; 77: 433-443.

Tanaka A, Araki H, Komoike Y, Hase S, Takeuchi K. Inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2 is required for development of gastric damage in response to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. J Physiol Paris. 2001; 95(1-6): 21-27.

Tanaka A, Araki H, Hase S, Komoike Y, Takeuchi K. Up-regulation of COX-2 by inhibition of COX-1 in the rat: a key to NSAID-induced gastric injury. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002; 2(16): 90-101.

Moore R., Derry S., Makinson G., McQuay H. Tolerability and adverse events in clinical trials of celecoxib in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: systemic review and meta-analysis on information from company clinical reports. Arthr. Res. Ther. 2005; 7: 644-665.

Simon L, Weaver A, Graham D. Anti-inflammatory and upper gastrointestinal effects of celecoxib in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized control trial. JAMA. 1999; 282; 1921-1928.

Emery P, Zeidler H, Kvien T. et al. Celecoxib versus diclofenac in long-term management of rheumatoid arthritis: randomized doubleblind comparison. Lancet. 1999; 354: 2106-2111.

Ким В.А. НПВП-гастропатия и роль простагландинов в ее возникновении, профилактике и лечении. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2008; 8: 84-91.

McQuaid KR, Laine L. Systematic review and meta-analysis of adverse events of low-dose aspirin and clopidogrel in randomized controlled trials. Am J Med. 2006; 119: 624-638.

Silverstein F. New strategies for the prevention of serious upper GI complication from NSAIDs: lessons from the MUCOSA trial. New Stand Arth Care. 1996; 5: 2-6.

Зборовская И.А. Гастропатии, индуцированные нестероидными противовоспалительными препаратами. Клиническое значение, лечение, профилактика. Методическое пособие для практических врачей. Волгоград, 2005.

Robinson DR. Eicosanoid, inflammation and anti inflammation drug. Clin Ex Rheumatol. 1987; 7(3): 155-161.

Ferri FF. Ferri's Clinical Advisor. 2015. Elsevier; New York, NY, USA: 2015.

Tildesley G. Ranitidine in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Br J Rheumatol. 1993; 32: 474-478.

Lancaster-Smith MJ. Ranitidine in the treatment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug associated gastric and duodenal ulcers. Gut. 1991; 252-255.

Hudson N, Taha AS, Russell RI. et al. Famotidine for healing and maintenance in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-associated gastroduodenal ulceration. Gastroenterology. 1997; 112(6): 1817-1822.

Taha AS, Hudson N, Hawkey CJ et al. Famotidine for the prevention of gastric and duodenal ulcers caused by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334(22): 1435-1439.

Poynard T, Lemaire M, Agostini H. Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials comparing lansoprazole with ranitidine or famotidine in the treatment of acute duodenal ulcer. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1995; 7: 661-665.

Szabó IL, Mátics R, Hegyi P. et al. PPIs Prevent Aspirin-Induced Gastrointestinal Bleeding Better than H2RAs. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2017; 26(4): 395-402. DOI: 10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.264.hra

Yeomans ND, Tulassay Z, Juhász L, Rácz I, Howard JM, van Rensburg CJ. et al. A comparison of omeprazole with ranitidine for ulcers associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Acid Suppression Trial: Ranitidine versus Omeprazole for NSAID-associated Ulcer Treatment (ASTRONAUT) Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338(11): 719-726.

Takeuchi K. Gastric cytoprotection by prostaglandin E₂ and prostacyclin: relationship to EP1 and IP receptors. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2014; 65(1): 3-14.

Maiden L, Thjodleifsson B, Seigal A, Bjarnason II, Scott D, Birgisson S, Bjarnason I. Long-term effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 selective agents on the small bowel: a cross-sectional capsule enteroscopy study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007; 5: 1040-1045.

Bjarnason I, Hayllar J, MacPherson AJ, Russell AS. Side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the small and large intestine in humans. Gastroenterology. 1993;104: 1832-1847.

Higuchi K, Umegaki E, Watanabe T, Yoda Y, Morita E, Murano M. et al. Present status and strategy of NSAIDs-induced small bowel injury. J Gastroenterol. 2009; 44: 879-888.

Fujimori S. What are the effects of proton pump inhibitors on the small intestine. World J Gastroenterol. 2015; 21(22): 6817-6819.

Jackson MA, Goodrich JK, Maxan ME, Freedberg DE. et al. Proton pump inhibitors alter the composition of the gut microbiota. Gut. 2016; 65(5): 749-756.

Wallace JL, Syer S, Denou E, de Palma G et al. Proton pump inhibitors exacerbate NSAID-induced small intestinal injury by inducing dysbiosis. Gastroenterology. 2011; 141(4): 1314-2222. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.075

Lo WK, Chan WW. Proton pump inhibitor use and the risk of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013; 11(5): 483-490.

Циммерман Я.С. Нерешенные и спорные проблемы современной гастроэнтерологии. Москва: МЕДпресс-информ; 2013: 224.

Del Valle J. Peptic ulcer disease and related disorders. In: Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Longo DL. et al., eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 17th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2008; 1855-1872.

Cryer B, Spechler SJ. Peptic ulcer disease. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease 8th Edition. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2006; 1089-1110.

Powell DW. Physiological concepts of epithelial barriers. In: Allen A, Flemström G, Garner A, Silen W, Turnberg LA., eds. Mechanisms of Mucosal Protection in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract. New York: Raven Press; 1984; 1-5.

Holzer P, Livingston EH, Guth PH. Sensory neurons signal for an increase in rat gastric mucosal blood flow in the face of pending acid injury. Gastroenterology. 1991;101: 416-423.

Griffith OW, Stuehr DJ. Nitric oxide synthases: properties and catalytic mechanism. Annu Rev Physiol. 1995; 57: 707-736.

Cho CH. Current roles of nitric oxide in gastrointestinal disorders. J Physiol Paris. 2001; 95: 253-256.

Förstermann U, Sessa WC. Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function. Eur Heart J. 2012; 33: 829-837.

Furukawa O, Kume E, Sugamoto S. et al. Effect of ecabet disodium, a novel locally-acting antiulcer drug, on epithelial restitution following injury by hypertonic NaCl in bullfrog stomach in vitro. Digestion. 2000; 62(2-3): 116-125.

Wallace JL, Miller MJS. Nitric oxide in mucosal defense. A little goes a long-way. Gastroenterology. 2000; 119: 512-520.

Eelen G, de Zeeuw P, Treps L, Harjes U, Wong BW, Carmeliet P. Endothelial cell metabolism. Physiol Rev. 2018; 98(1): 3-58. DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00001.2017

O'Neill GP, Ford-Hutchinson AW. Expression of mRNA for cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in human tissues. FEBS Lett. 1993; 330: 156-160.

Kargman S, Charleson S, Cartwright M, Frank J, Riendeau D, Mancini J. et al. Characterization of Prostaglandin G/H Synthase 1 and 2 in rat, dog, monkey, and human gastrointestinal tracts. Gastroenterology. 1996; 111: 445-454.

Tripathi KD. Essentials of medical pharmacology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub: 2013; 1080.

Takeuchi K, Amagase K. Roles of Cyclooxygenase, Prostaglandin E2 and EP Receptors in Mucosal Protection and Ulcer Healing in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2018; 24(18): 2002-2011. DOI: 10.2174/1381612824666180629111227

Takeuchi K. Prostaglandin EP receptors and their roles in mucosal protection and ulcer healing in the gastrointestinal tract. Adv Clin Chem. 2010; 51: 121-144.

Miller TA. Protective effects of prostaglandins against gastric mucosal damage: Current knowledge and proposed mechanisms. Am J Physiol. 1983; 245: G601-G623.

Yokotani K, Okuma Y, Osumi Y. Inhibition of vagally mediated gastric acid secretion by activation of central prostanoid EP3 receptors in urethane- anesthetized rats. Br J Pharmacol. 1996; 117:653-656.

Takahashi S, Takeuchi K, Okabe S. EP4 receptor mediation of prostaglandin E2-stimulated mucus secretion by rabbit gastric epithelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 1999; 58: 1997-2002.

Ohno T, Katori M, Majima M, Saeki T, Boku K, Nishiyama K. et al. Dilatation and constriction of rat gastric mucosal microvessels through prostaglandin EP2 and EP3 receptors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999; 13: 1243-1250.

Takeuchi K, Aihara E, Sasaki Y, Nomura Y, Ise F. Involvement of cyclooxygenase-1, prostaglandin E2 and EP1 receptors in acidinduced HCO3 - secretion in stomach. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006; 57: 661-676.

Takeuchi K, Ukawa H, Kato S, Furukawa O, Araki H, Sugimoto Y. et al. Impaired duodenal bicarbonate secretion and mucosal integrity in mice lacking prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP3. Gastroenterology. 1999; 117: 1128-1135.

Takeuchi K, Yagi K, Kato S, Ukawa H. Roles of prostaglandin E-receptor subtypes in gastric and duodenal bicarbonate secretion in rats. Gastroenterology. 1997; 113: 1553-1559.

Литвицкий П.Ф. Воспаление. Вопросы современной педиатрии. 2006; 5(4): 75-81.

Шалыгин Л.Д. Современные представления о механизмах регуляции артериального давления. Вестник Национального медико-хирургического Центра им. НИ Пирогова. 2015; 10(2): 109-116.

Matsui H, Shimokawa O, Kaneko T, Nagano Y, Rai K, Hyodo I. The pathophysiology of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced mucosal injuries in stomach and small intestine. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition. 2011; 48(2): 107-111. DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.10-79

Derry S, Loke YK. Risk of gastrointestinal haemorrhage with long-term use of ASA: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2000; 321(7270): 1183-1187.

Cryer B. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug gastrointestinal toxicity. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2001; 17: 503-512

Калягин А.Н. Поражения кишечника, вызванные применением нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов. Медицинские новости (Беларусь). 2003; 7: 71-74.

Sagi SA, Weggen S, Eriksen J, Golde TE, Koo EH. The non-cyclooxygenase targets of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, lipoxygenases, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, inhibitor of kappa B kinase, and NF kappa B, do not reduce amyloid beta 42 production. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278(34):31825-31830.

Mazumder S, De R, Debsharma S, Bindu S, Maity P, Sarkar S, Saha SJ et al. Indomethacin impairs mitochondrial dynamics by activating the PKCζ-p38-DRP1 pathway and inducing apoptosis in gastric cancer and normal mucosal cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2019; 294(20):8238-8258. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.RA118.004415

Gurpinar E, Grizzle WE, Piazza GA. COX-Independent Mechanisms of Cancer Chemoprevention by Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Front Oncol. 2013; 3: 181.

Main IH, Whittle BJ. Investigation of the vasodilator and antisecretory role of prostaglandins in the rat gastric mucosa by use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. British journal of pharmacology. 1975; 53(2): 217-224.

Sibilia V, Pagani F, Rindi G, Lattuada N, Rapetti D, De Luca V. et al. Central ghrelin gastroprotection involves nitric oxide/prostaglandin cross-talk. Br J Pharmacol. 2008; 154(3): 688-697.

Винник Ю.С., Картель С.И., Черданцев Д.В., Вахрунин А.А., Первова О.В. Микроциркуляция слизистой желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки при язвенной болезни, ассоциированной с Helicobacter pillory. Методология флоуметрии. 1998; 2: 83-88.

Scarpignato C, Bjarnason I, Bretagne J. et al. Towards a GI safer antiinflammatory therapy. Gastroenterol Int. 1999; 12(4): 186-215.

Laine L, Takeuchi K, Tarnawski A. Gastric mucosal defense and cytoprotection: bench to bedside. Gastroenterology. 2008; 135(1): 41-60.

Komoike Y, Takeeda M, Tanaka A, Kato S, Takeuchi K. Prevention by parenteral aspirin of indomethacin-induced gastric lesions in rats: mediation by salicylic acid. Dig Dis Sci. 2002; 47(7): 1538-1545.

Whittle BJ. Temporal relationship between cyclooxygenase inhibition, as measured by prostacyclin biosynthesis, and the gastrointestinal damage induced by indomethacin in the rats. Gastroenterology. 1981; 80(1): 94-98.

Takeuchi K, Kato S, Nishiwaki H, Hirata T. Analysis of pathogenic elements involved in gastric lesions induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in rats. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997; 12(5): 360-367.

Bindu S, Mazumder S, Dey S. et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug induces proinflammatory damage in gastric mucosa through NF-κB activation and neutrophil infiltration: Anti-inflammatory role of heme oxygenase-1 against nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2013; 65: 456-467.

Оtt M, Gogvadze V, Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B. Mitochondria, oxidative stress and cell death. Apoptosis. 2007; 12(5): 913-922.

van der Bliek AM, Shen Q, Kawajiri S. Mechanisms of mitochondrial fission and fusion. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2013. 5(6). DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a011072

Skulachev VP. Mitochondrial filaments and clusters as intracellular power-transmitting cables. Trends Biochem Sci. 2001; 26(1):23-29.

Bjarnason I, Takeuchi KJ. Intestinal permeability in the pathogenesis of NSAID-induced enteropathy. Gastroenterol. 2009; 44 (19): 23-29.

Brand MD, Affourtit C, Esteves TC. et al. Mitochondrial superoxide: production, biological effects, and activation of uncoupling proteins. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004; 37: 755-767.

Brzozowski T, Konturek PC, Konturek SJ. et al. Role of gastric acid secretion in progression of acute gastric erosions induced by ischemia-reperfusion into gastric ulcers. Eur J Pharmacol. 2000; 398: 147-158.

Tsutsumi S, Tomisato W, Takano T, Rokutan K, Tsuchiya T, Mizushima T. Gastric irritant-induced apoptosis in guinea pig gastric mucosal cells in primary culture. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002; 1589:168-180.

Nagano Y, Matsui H, Muramatsu M. et al. Rebamipide significantly inhibits indomethacin-induced mitochondrial damage, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis in gastric epithelial RGM-1 cells. Dig Dis Sci. 2005; 50(1): S76-S83.

Somasundaram S, Hayllar H, Rafi S, Wrigglesworth JM, Macpherson AJ, Bjarnason I. The biochemical basis of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced damage to the gastrointestinal tract: a review and a hypothesis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1995; 30: 289-299.

Harada S, Nakagawa T, Yokoe S, Edogawa S, Takeuchi T, Inoue T. et al. Autophagy Deficiency Diminishes Indomethacin-Induced Intestinal Epithelial Cell Damage through Activation of the ERK/Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2015; 355(3): 353-361. DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.226431

Hosseini MJ. et al. Toxicity of copper on isolated liver mitochondria: impairment at complexes I, II, and IV leads to increased ROS production. Cell biochemistry and biophysics. 2014; 1(70): 367-381.

Suzuki K, Noda T, Ohsumi Y. Interrelationships among Atg proteins during autophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast. 2004; 21(12):1057-1065.

Hensley K, Harris-White ME. Redox regulation of autophagy in healthy brain and neurodegeneration. Neurobiology of disease. 2015; 84: 50-59.

Giordano S, Darley-Usmar V, Zhang J. Autophagy as an essential cellular antioxidant pathway in neurodegenerative disease. Redox biology. 2014; 2: 82-90.

Mizushima N, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y. The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2011; 27: 107-132.

Vallecillo-Hernández J, Barrachina MD, Ortiz-Masiá D, Coll S, Esplugues JV, Calatayud S, Hernández C. Indomethacin Disrupts Autophagic Flux by Inducing Lysosomal Dysfunction in Gastric Cancer Cells and Increases Their Sensitivity to Cytotoxic Drugs. Scientific reports. 2018; 8(1): 3593.

Chiou SK, Hoa N, Hodges A. Sulindac sulfide induces autophagic death in gastric epithelial cells via survivin down-regulation: a mechanism of NSAIDs-induced gastric injury. Biochem Pharmacol. 2011; 81: 1317-1323.

Lee HJ, Park JM, Hahm KB. Mitigated NSAID-induced apoptotic and autophagic cell death with Smad7 overexpression. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2017; 60: 55-62.

Ock CY, Park JM, Han YM, Jeong M, Kim MY, Lee HJ, Hahm KB. Genetic ablation or pharmacologic inhibition of autophagy mitigated NSAID-associated gastric damages. J Mol Med (Berl). 2017; 95(4): 405-416.

Pahl HL. Activators and target genes of Rel/NF-кB transcriptional factor. Oncogene. 1999; 18: 6853-6866.

Клаан Н.К., Пронина Т.А., Акиньшина Л.П., Решетникова В.В. Ядерный фактор каппа в (NF-kB) в качестве мишени для действия природных противоопухолевых соединений. Российский биотерапевтический журнал. 2014; 13(1): 3-8.

National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Database. Indomethacin, CID=3715. URL:https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Indomethacin

Takeuchi K, Ueki S, Okabe S. Importance of gastric motility in the pathogenesis of indomethacin-induced gastric lesions in rats. Dig Dis Sci. 1986; 31: 1114-1121.

Mersereau WA, Hinchey EJ. Synergism between acid and gastric contractile activity in the genesis of ulceration and hemorrhage in the phenylbutazone-treated rat. Surgery. 1981; 91: 150-155.

Takeuchi K, Ueshima K, Hironaka Y, Fujioka Y, Matsumoto J, Okabe S. Oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal lesions induced by indomethacin in rats. Digestion. 1991; 49: 175-184.

Okada M, Niida H, Takeuchi K, Okabe S. Role of prostaglandin deficiency in pathogenic Mechanism of gastric lesions induced by indomethacin in rats. Dig Dis Sci. 1989; 34: 694-702.

Fu Y, Wu HQ, Cui HL, Li YY, Li CZ. Gastroprotective and anti-ulcer effects of oxymatrine against several gastric ulcer models in rats: Possible roles of antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and prosurvival mechanisms. Phytother Res. 2018; 32(10): 2047-2058.

Robert A. Cytoprotection by prostaglandins. Gastroenterology. 1979;77(4 Pt 1):761-767.

García Rodríguez LA. Variability in risk of gastrointestinal complications with different nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Am J Med. 1998;104(3A):30S-34S.

Hernández, C. Peptic ulcer disease in Helicobacter pylori-infected children: clinical findings and mucosal immune response. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014; 59(6):773-778.

Handa, O. Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1) production by rat gastric epithelial cells: role of reactive oxygen species and nuclear factor-κB. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2004; 2:670-676.